Research can be classified in many ways depending on the purpose, method, and nature of the study. One major type is exploratory research, which is conducted when the researcher has little prior knowledge about a problem. Its main aim is to gain initial understanding and clarify concepts. For example, a researcher exploring the effects of artificial intelligence on rural jobs may begin with interviews or observations simply to understand the issue.
Another common type is descriptive research, which focuses on describing the characteristics of a group or situation exactly as it is. This research does not explain causes but presents facts clearly. A survey of consumer preferences for electric vehicles is a good example of descriptive research because it reveals what people prefer at the present time.
In contrast, analytical research involves using existing data or information to analyze relationships or evaluate trends. Instead of collecting fresh data, the researcher works with past records. For instance, studying ten years of inflation data to understand its causes is analytical in nature.
Research may also be diagnostic or causal, where the objective is to determine why something is happening. This type identifies causes and relationships among variables. For example, a researcher may study the reasons for high employee turnover in a company and determine which factors are responsible.
Another important type is hypothesis-testing research, which aims at testing whether a certain assumption or prediction is true. This usually involves statistical tests and controlled procedures. For example, a study may test whether training programs actually improve employee performance.
Research can also be seen as qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative research deals with non-numerical data like opinions or experiences, such as studying why students prefer online learning through interviews. Quantitative research uses numerical data and statistical tools, such as measuring the relationship between study time and exam scores.
Based on the purpose, research may also be basic or applied. Basic (or fundamental) research aims to develop new theories or principles without immediate practical use, such as researching the behavior of sub-atomic particles. Applied research, on the other hand, is done to solve practical problems, such as designing a mobile app to improve healthcare delivery.
Another distinction exists between conceptual and empirical research. Conceptual research focuses on developing new ideas or models, often used by philosophers or theorists. Empirical research is based on actual observations or experiments, such as testing how different fertilizers affect crop growth.
Finally, research may be field-based or laboratory-based. Field research is conducted in a natural setting, like studying consumer behavior in a supermarket. Laboratory research is conducted under controlled conditions, such as experiments in a science lab where variables can be precisely controlled.
