A. Conceptual Research
Paragraph-wise Explanation
Conceptual research is based on theoretical frameworks, ideas, and concepts. Researchers use logical reasoning, intellectual analysis, and theoretical modeling to develop new constructs or reinterpret existing theories. No empirical (field or lab) data is collected. Conceptual research is common in philosophy, theoretical physics, mathematics, and theoretical social sciences.
Point-wise Notes
- Based on concepts, theories, abstractions.
- Involves logical reasoning and intellectual analysis.
- No fieldwork or data collection.
- Useful for developing theoretical models/frameworks.
- Seen commonly in theoretical disciplines.
B. Empirical Research
Paragraph-wise Explanation
Empirical research relies on observations, experiments, or real-world data. The researcher collects measurable evidence through fieldwork, experiments, surveys, or observations. Empirical research tests hypotheses, examines relationships, and draws conclusions from actual data. It is central to scientific inquiry and evidence-based policy.
Point-wise Notes
- Based on actual data/evidence.
- Uses experiments, surveys, measurements, observations.
- Focuses on hypothesis testing and real-world validation.
- Supports evidence-based decision making.
- Central to natural and social sciences.
5. Other Important Types of Research (Elaborated)
A. Exploratory Research
- Conducted when the problem is not well understood.
- Helps in defining problems, generating hypotheses, and identifying variables.
- Methods: literature review, expert interviews, focus groups.
B. Explanatory / Causal Research
- Seeks to determine cause–effect relationships.
- Uses experiments, quasi-experiments, causal modeling.
- Answers “why does this happen?”
C. Experimental Research
- Researcher manipulates one variable to observe the effect on another.
- High level of control; establishes causality.
- Common in natural sciences, psychology, medicine.
D. Correlational Research
- Examines relationships between variables without manipulating them.
- Establishes association, not causation.
- Uses correlation coefficients, regression, etc.
E. Cross-Sectional Research
- Studies a population at a single point in time.
- Common in surveys, demographic studies, health research.
F. Longitudinal Research
- Studies the same subjects over an extended period.
- Useful for developmental, economic, social trend analysis.
G. Action Research
- Carried out to solve immediate problems within an organization/community.
- Researcher is actively involved in planning → action → reflection.
H. Mixed-Methods Research
- Combines quantitative and qualitative approaches.
- Provides comprehensive understanding of a problem.
