The research process is a systematic sequence of steps that guide a researcher from problem identification to reporting results. According to Kothari & Garg, the main steps involved are:
- Identification of Research Problem
- The first and most crucial step is to recognize a research-worthy problem.
- The problem should be clear, specific, feasible, and significant.
- Literature Review
- Study previous work related to the topic.
- Helps refine the problem, identify gaps, and build theoretical and conceptual foundations.
- Formulation of Hypotheses / Research Questions
- A hypothesis is a tentative explanation to be tested (quantitative studies).
- Research questions guide exploratory or qualitative studies.
- Research Design
- A blueprint outlining methods, approach, data collection, and analysis procedures.
- Ensures the study is systematic, feasible, and scientifically valid.
- Sample Design
- Determining the target population and the method to select a representative sample.
- Ensures generalizability and reduces sampling error.
- Data Collection
- Gathering relevant information using appropriate tools such as surveys, interviews, experiments, or observations.
- Data Processing & Analysis
- Editing, coding, tabulation, and statistical or qualitative analysis.
- Helps extract meaningful patterns, relationships, or insights.
- Interpretation of Results
- Explaining findings in light of the research problem, hypotheses, or theoretical framework.
- Ensures logical and evidence-based conclusions.
- Report Writing
- Presenting the study in a structured format, including introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusions.
- Presentation & Dissemination
- Sharing results through publications, conferences, or seminars.
- Increases visibility, impact, and practical use of research findings.
Key Point: The research process is iterative and systematic, ensuring that research is objective, reliable, and contributes meaningfully to knowledge.
