Definition: A research design is the blueprint or plan that guides how the research is to be conducted. It specifies the methods, procedures, and strategies for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data.
Purpose: Ensures that the study is systematic, feasible, valid, and reliable.
Components:
Statement of the problem
Research objectives or hypotheses
Sampling plan
Data collection methods
Tools and techniques for data analysis
Importance: Reduces errors, saves time and resources, ensures scientific rigor.
5(b) Ex Post Facto Research
Definition: “Ex post facto” means “after the fact.” In this research, the investigator studies phenomena after they have occurred, without manipulating variables.
Nature: Non-experimental, observational, and retrospective.
Purpose: To explore causal relationships by analyzing existing conditions or outcomes.
Example: Studying the effects of parental education on children’s academic performance using existing data.
Limitation: Cannot establish cause-effect relationships as definitively as controlled experiments.
5(c) Objectives of Research
Definition: Research objectives define the aims, goals, or purpose of a study. They guide the research process.
Key Objectives:
Exploration: To explore new areas of knowledge or unknown phenomena.
Description: To describe characteristics, patterns, or relationships.
Explanation / Analysis: To analyze and explain why phenomena occur.
Prediction: To forecast trends, behaviors, or outcomes.
Control / Application: To provide solutions or improve processes.
Importance: Clear objectives ensure focus, relevance, and systematic methodology.
5(d) Criteria of Good Research
Definition: Characteristics that distinguish high-quality research from poor-quality research.
Key Criteria:
Clearly defined problem – focused and specific.
Systematic approach – logical sequence of steps.
Objectivity – free from bias.
Empirical evidence – based on observable and verifiable data.
Accuracy and reliability – precise data collection and analysis.
Scientific reasoning – logical interpretation of results.
Replicability – others can reproduce the study.
Significance and relevance – contributes to knowledge or practice.
Ethical standards – honesty, integrity, and respect for participants.
5(e) Research and Scientific Method
Definition: Research is a systematic investigation to generate knowledge, while the scientific method is a structured, logical approach to discover facts and test hypotheses.
Characteristics:
Systematic and organized – follows planned steps.
Empirical – based on observation or experience.
Replicable – methods and results can be verified.
Objective – avoids personal bias.
Analytical – uses logical reasoning and critical thinking.
Relationship: Research applies the scientific method to collect, analyze, and interpret data to generate reliable knowledge.
