{"id":2853,"date":"2025-11-26T10:32:36","date_gmt":"2025-11-26T05:02:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/texpertssolutions.com\/notes\/?p=2853"},"modified":"2025-11-27T17:55:56","modified_gmt":"2025-11-27T12:25:56","slug":"1-3-types-of-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/texpertssolutions.com\/notes\/2025\/11\/26\/1-3-types-of-research\/","title":{"rendered":"1.3 Types of Research"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Research can be classified in many ways depending on the purpose, method, data, and application.<br>Kothari provides several major classifications, explained below with examples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>A. Based on Purpose \/ Objective \ud83c\udfaf<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Exploratory Research \ud83e\uddd0 (Formulative Research)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Used when very little information exists about a topic.<br>It helps researchers gain familiarity, identify variables, and form hypotheses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong><br>Exploring how the <em>metaverse<\/em> might impact future employment by conducting interviews and preliminary observations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Descriptive Research \ud83d\udcca<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Describes characteristics or facts clearly and systematically.<br>It focuses on \u201cwhat exists\u201d rather than <em>why it happens<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong><br>Surveying consumer preferences for electric vehicles in Bengaluru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Analytical Research \ud83d\udcc8<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The researcher uses existing data to analyze patterns, relationships, or evaluations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong><br>Using 10 years of inflation data to identify factors that influence India\u2019s inflation rate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. Diagnostic Research \ud83d\udd0d<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Aims to find the causes of a problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong><br>Identifying why a company is facing high employee turnover.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. Hypothesis-Testing (Causal) Research \u2697\ufe0f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tests if one variable influences or causes change in another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong><br>Testing whether increased advertising spending leads to higher sales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>B. Based on Method of Study \ud83d\udd2c<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Qualitative Research \ud83d\udc65<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Focuses on human opinions, behaviors, attitudes, and non-numerical data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Methods:<\/strong> Interviews, focus groups, observations<br><strong>Example:<\/strong> Understanding why students prefer online classes using in-depth interviews.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Quantitative Research \ud83d\udd22<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Uses numerical data and statistical analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Methods:<\/strong> Surveys, experiments, structured questionnaires<br><strong>Example:<\/strong> Examining the relationship between study hours and exam scores.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. Mixed Methods Research \ud83d\udd04<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Combines qualitative + quantitative approaches for richer insights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong><br>Studying employee satisfaction using interviews (qualitative) and surveys (quantitative).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>C. Based on Nature of Data \ud83d\uddc2\ufe0f<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Primary Research \ud83d\udcdd<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Researchers collect the data themselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> Field surveys, experiments, direct observations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Secondary Research \ud83d\udcda<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Uses data already collected by others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Examples:<\/strong> Government reports, journals, census data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>D. Based on Application \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Basic (Pure) Research \ud83e\uddea<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Develops new theories and expands scientific knowledge.<br>No immediate practical use is required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> Studying quantum particle behavior.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Applied Research \ud83d\ude80<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Solves real-world problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> Designing a mobile app to provide maternal healthcare in rural areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>E. Based on Inquiry Type \ud83d\udca1<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Conceptual Research \ud83e\udde0<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Involves developing new theories, concepts, or models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> Creating a new leadership model for digital workplaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Empirical Research \ud83d\udd0d<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on observation or experimentation.<br>Relies on real-world evidence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> Studying how light exposure affects plant growth in a lab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>F. Based on Time Dimension \u23f3<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Cross-Sectional Research \ud83d\udd52<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Data collected at one particular time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> A 2025 survey of smartphone users.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Longitudinal Research \ud83d\udcc6<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Data collected from the same participants over several years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> A 10-year study tracking children\u2019s cognitive development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>G. Based on Control Over Variables \u2699\ufe0f<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Experimental Research \ud83e\uddea<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Researcher manipulates variables to identify cause-and-effect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> Testing if a new teaching method improves exam results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Non-Experimental Research \ud83d\udc40<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>No control over variables; the researcher only observes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> Studying gender-based income differences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>H. Based on Environment \ud83c\udf0d<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Field Research \ud83c\udfde\ufe0f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Conducted in the natural environment of participants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> Observing customer behavior inside a supermarket.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Laboratory Research \ud83e\uddeb<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Conducted in a controlled, scientific environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> Testing chemical reactions in a lab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>I. Based on Level of Analysis \ud83d\udd0e<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. Micro Research \ud83d\udc64<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Focuses on individuals or small groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> Studying job satisfaction among 20 employees in one office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. Macro Research \ud83c\udf0f<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Covers large populations or systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example:<\/strong> Examining unemployment patterns across India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Conclusion \ud83d\udcdd<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A single research study can fall under multiple categories\u2014e.g., <strong>descriptive + quantitative + applied + field-based<\/strong>.<br>Kothari emphasizes that understanding these classifications helps researchers design better studies and select the correct methodology.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research can be classified in many ways depending on the purpose, method, data, and application.Kothari provides &hellip; <a title=\"1.3 Types of Research\" class=\"hm-read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/texpertssolutions.com\/notes\/2025\/11\/26\/1-3-types-of-research\/\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">1.3 Types of Research<\/span>Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2854,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[692],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2853","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research-methedology"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/texpertssolutions.com\/notes\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Gemini_Generated_Image_tbqja8tbqja8tbqj.png?fit=1024%2C1024&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/texpertssolutions.com\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2853","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/texpertssolutions.com\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/texpertssolutions.com\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/texpertssolutions.com\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/texpertssolutions.com\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2853"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/texpertssolutions.com\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2853\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2931,"href":"https:\/\/texpertssolutions.com\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2853\/revisions\/2931"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/texpertssolutions.com\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2854"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/texpertssolutions.com\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2853"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/texpertssolutions.com\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2853"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/texpertssolutions.com\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2853"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}